Orthopaedic Trauma Medicine - Orthomankenyanbones

🧠PATHOLOGICAL REFLEXES

💥1. Babinski Reflex

Test: Stroke the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot.

💡Normal Response: Flexion (downward movement) of the big toe.

💡Abnormal (Positive Babinski): Extension (upward movement) of the big toe and fanning of other toes.
📌Significance: Indicates upper motor neuron lesion (e.g., stroke, spinal cord injury) if seen in adults. Normal in infants (

𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗼 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗡𝗮𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗶 ✊.
𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗡𝗼.1
Ukikatiwa Mtura, mwambie aonje moja. Akisema ameshiba ama ako sawa, jua ni paka💔😂.

𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗻𝗼.2
Usiwahi salimia mtu kwa mkono🙅‍♀️. Hallo! Hallo! Na mdomo. In fact, hio ndio kazi ya earphones. Kufanya usiskie salamu ukiwa town😏.

𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗻𝗼. 3
Usiwahi kubali kuombewa town. Wewe utageuka wa kuomba watu fare bila kujua. Utapoteza time na kila kitu uko nacho🤔.

𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗻𝗼. 4
Mtu akisema amepotea town😳, mwambie atumie google maps ama aongee na Soja. Ukimwonyesha njia, wewe utapotea njia. Hapa sitaeleza sana😒.

𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗻𝗼. 6
Ukiwa Globe ama OTC, usitumie simu dirisha ikiwa wazi. Utauziwa hio simu ukifika town/CBD😂.

𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗻𝗼. 7
Ukiitwa brathe town ama siste, jua it's about to go down. Unataka kuuziwa kitu wameiba ama unataka kuibiwa kitu utauziwa. Run!🏃🏃‍♀️

𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 . 8
Hapa sasa ndio kila mtu anafaa kuwa attentive. Ukiskia wanasema kiatu mia... Skiza vizuri hio mia wanasema mara ngapi? Ukiskia 'kiatu mia' jua hio ni 100. Ukiskia "kiatu mia, mia pekee" hio ni 200. Ukiskia " kiatu mia,mia,mia" hio ni 300. Akili mtu wangu💔😂.

𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗻𝗼. 9
Ukitaka kucross njia Nairobi, hata ikiwa one way, angalia both ways. Wasee wa nduthi huwa ni k**a wako na shule yao ya driving special. Utadhani njia iko clear kumbe Njoro wa Nduthi amekuja na speed. Usishangae ukiona watu wanaangalia both sides kwa one way road. 😀

𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗻𝗼. 10
The best is saved for last. Hii ndio Mama yao😊. It's a whole topic on Introduction to How to survive in Nairobi. TREAT EVERYONE AS A SUSPECT. Ndio maana inaitwa NAIROBBERY💔😂. Nikiexplain nitaharibu. Hapa inahitaji tu Character Development ndio uelewe. 😂

𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 𝗻𝗼. 11
𝗡𝗮 𝘄𝗲𝘄𝗲 𝘂𝘄𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲 𝘂𝗰𝗵𝗼𝘆𝗼, 𝗺𝗯𝗼𝗻𝗮 𝘂𝗸𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗲 𝗸𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗳𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗼𝘄?

Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)

Definition: Frozen shoulder is a condition characterized by stiffness, pain, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint. It gradually worsens over time and then slowly improves, typically in three stages.

Causes:

Inflammation of the shoulder capsule

Immobilization after surgery or injury

Diabetes (higher risk)

Thyroid disorders

Stroke

Age (most common between 40–60 years)

More common in women

Stages of Frozen Shoulder:

1. Freezing Stage (Painful Stage)

Gradual onset of pain

Range of motion starts to decrease

Lasts: 6 weeks to 9 months

2. Frozen Stage (Stiff Stage)

Pain may reduce, but stiffness increases

Difficulty with daily activities (e.g., combing hair, reaching behind)

Lasts: 4 to 6 months

3. Thawing Stage (Recovery Stage)

Range of motion begins to improve

Pain decreases

Lasts: 6 months to 2 years

Symptoms:

Dull or aching pain

Stiffness and tightness

Difficulty moving the arm

Sleep disturbances due to shoulder pain

Diagnosis:

Clinical examination (range of motion testing)

Medical history

Imaging (X-ray, MRI) to rule out other causes like rotator cuff tear or arthritis

Treatment:

🔹 Conservative Management:

Pain Relief:

NSAIDs (like ibuprofen)

Hot/cold therapy

Physiotherapy:

Stretching exercises

Joint mobilizations

Range of motion exercises

Home Exercises:

Pendulum swings

Towel stretches

Wall climbs

🔹 Medical Management:

Corticosteroid injections

Hydrodilatation (saline injection to stretch the joint capsule)

🔹 Surgical:..

Manipulation under anesthesia (MUA)

Arthroscopic capsular release (in severe, non-responsive cases)

Prognosis:

Full recovery is possible but can take 1–3 years

Early intervention speeds up recovery

📌Stages in Fracture Repair

The healing of a bone fracture follows a series of progressive steps:
(a) A fracture hematoma forms.
(b) Internal and external calli form.
(c) Cartilage of the calli is replaced by trabecular bone.
(d) Remodeling occurs.

Management of this

ORTHOPAEDIC AND TRAUMA REVIEWS