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Food as Medicine: Preventing and Treating the Most Common Diseases with Diet Subscribe for free to Dr. Greger's videos at: http://bit.ly/nutritionfactsupdates DESCRIPTION: Dr. Greger has scoured the world's scholarly literature on cli...

Since we reached the AMAZING benchmark of over 150,000 followers - we wanted to ask...where are you all from?

Where do you call home?

The knee is one of the largest and most complex joints in the body. The knee joins the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia). The smaller bone that runs alongside the tibia (fibula) and the kneecap (patella) are the other bones that make the knee joint.

Tendons connect the knee bones to the leg muscles that move the knee joint. Ligaments join the knee bones and provide stability to the knee:

• The anterior cruciate ligament prevents the femur from sliding backward on the tibia (or the tibia sliding forward on the femur).

• The posterior cruciate ligament prevents the femur from sliding forward on the tibia (or the tibia from sliding backward on the femur).

• The medial and lateral collateral ligaments prevent the femur from sliding side to side.

Two C-shaped pieces of cartilage called the medial and lateral menisci act as shock absorbers between the femur and tibia.

Numerous bursae, or fluid-filled sacs, help the knee move smoothly.

Knee Conditions
• Chondromalacia patella (also called patellofemoral syndrome): Irritation of the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap (patella), causing knee pain. This is a common cause of knee pain in young people.

• Knee osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, and often affects the knees. Caused by aging and wear and tear of cartilage, osteoarthritis symptoms may include knee pain, stiffness, and swelling.

• Knee effusion: Fluid buildup inside the knee, usually from inflammation. Any form of arthritis or injury may cause a knee effusion.

• Meniscal tear: Damage to a meniscus, the cartilage that cushions the knee, often occurs with twisting the knee. Large tears may cause the knee to lock.

• ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) strain or tear: The ACL is responsible for a large part of the knee’s stability. An ACL tear often leads to the knee “giving out,” and may require surgical repair.

• PCL (posterior cruciate ligament) strain or tear: PCL tears can cause pain, swelling, and knee instability. These injuries are less common than ACL tears, and physical therapy (rather than surgery) is usually the best option.

• MCL (medial collateral ligament) strain or tear: This injury may cause pain and possible instability to the inner side of the knee.

• Patellar subluxation: The kneecap slides abnormally or dislocates along the thigh bone during activity. Knee pain around the kneecap results.

• Patellar tendonitis: Inflammation of the tendon connecting the kneecap (patella) to the shin bone. This occurs mostly in athletes from repeated jumping.

• Knee bursitis: Pain, swelling, and warmth in any of the bursae of the knee. Bursitis often occurs from overuse or injury.

• Baker’s cyst: Collection of fluid in the back of the knee. Baker’s cysts usually develop from a persistent effusion as in conditions such as arthritis.

• Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune condition that can cause arthritis in any joint, including the knees. If untreated, rheumatoid arthritis can cause permanent joint damage.

• Gout: A form of arthritis caused by buildup of uric acid crystals in a joint. The knees may be affected, causing episodes of severe pain and swelling.

• Pseudogout: A form of arthritis similar to gout, caused by calcium pyrophosphate crystals depositing in the knee or other joints.

• Septic arthritis: Bacterial infection inside the knee can cause inflammation, pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the knee. Although uncommon, septic arthritis is a serious condition that usually gets worse quickly without treatment.

Full Article and More Info Here: http://bit.ly/YdMncf

Did You Know: The longest cell in the body is a neuron. The longest axon in the human body extends from the bottom of the spine to the big toe & averages a length of approximately three feet!

Art: "Underskin" by Sam Loman
See Image larger here: http://bit.ly/17w3Gdi

ORGAN SYSTEMS REVIEW

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Components: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands Function: covers and protects body

Specific features:
- Protection against injury
- Sensory receptors in skin tell about the environment (touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain)
- Prevents drying out of cells
- Helps maintain body temperature (capillaries and sweat glands in skin)
- Sweat glands excrete water and some wastes
- Skin has Vitamin D precursor, which is converted to Vitamin D by sunlight

SKELETAL SYSTEM Components: bones, cartilage, ligaments Function: supports and protects body; muscles attached to bones; provides calcium storage; site of blood cell formation

Specific features:
- Supports body via bony framework
- Protects delicate vital organs (for their weight, bones are nearly as strong as steel)
- Bones are levers that transmit muscular forces; muscles are attached to bones by bands of connective tissue called tendons. When muscles contract, they pull on bones. Bones are held together at the joints by bands of connective tissue called ligaments.
- Marrow inside some bones produces blood cells (specifically inside flat bones: skull, ribs and breastbone)
- Bones serve as banks for storage and release of minerals like calcium and phosphorus

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Components: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle Function: moves parts of the skeleton, locomotion; pumps blood; aids movement of internal materials

Specific features:
- Muscle cells contract and become shorter and thicker; because muscle cells are long and narrow, they are called fibers
- Skeletal muscles are attached to bones; they are voluntary muscles, which make our bodies move. They are striped or striated in appearance.
- Cardiac muscle is found in the walls of the heart; it contacts involuntarily and is also striated.
- Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the digestive tract, uterus, blood vessels and other internal organs. The fibers are not striated and they are involuntary.

NERVOUS SYSTEM Components: nerves and sense organs, brain and spinal cord Function: receives stimuli from external and internal environments, conducts impulses and integrates activities of other systems

Specific features:
- Two divisions of the nervous system: central and peripheral
- Central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system consists of the sense organs (eyes, ears, taste buds, olfactory receptors, touch receptors) and the nerves which connect the spinal cord with the rest of the body. These nerves are classified as either afferent (transmit information from the periphery to the spinal cord) or efferent (transmit information from the spinal cord to the periphery).
- Peripheral nervous system is subdivided into two divisions: somatic division (consists of receptors and nerves concerned with changes in the outside environment; the sense organs and afferent nerves) and the autonomic division (regulates the internal environment; primarily the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of the efferent system of nerves).

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Components: pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, hypothalamus gland, pineal gland, kidney, pancreas, ovaries, te**es and other ductless glands (which are defined as tissues that secrete hormones that diffuse into the blood vessels) Function: regulates body chemistry and many body functions

Specific features:
- These glands are regulated by feedback control: information about hormone levels or their effect is fed back to the gland to regulate the hormone's release
- Endocrine activity is controlled by the hypothalamus gland (which is located in the brain). This gland links the nervous and endocrine systems. As a result of nervous stimuli, it secretes several releasing and inhibiting hormones that affect the activity of the other glands.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Components: heart, blood vessels, blood; lymph and lymph structures Function: transports materials from one part of the body to another; defends body against disease

Specific features:
- Consists of two subsystems: the cardiovascular system (includes the heart which pumps the blood through the blood vessels) and the lymphatic system (which helps to preserve fluid balance and protects the body against disease) -Transports nutrients from the digestive system to all parts of the body
-Transports oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body
- Transports carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes from the cells to the excretory organs
- Transports hormones from the endocrine glands to the target tissues
- Helps maintain normal body temperature - Helps maintain fluid balance
- Protects the body against disease-causing organisms. The lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell, are formed in the lymph tissue: lymph glands, spleen, thymus, tonsils and lymphoid tissue in the gut. There are two types of lymphocytes: T lymphocytes (the mediators of cellular immunity; these cells destroy the invader) and B lymphocytes (the antibody-producing cells; humoral immunity).


RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Components: lungs and air passageways Function: exchanges gases between the blood and the external environment

Specific features:
- Respiration includes breathing, gas exchange between lungs and blood, transport of gases through the body by the blood, gas exchange between the blood and the cells and cellular respiration (the chemical reaction pathways by which chemical energy is obtained from food).

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Components: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas Function: ingests and digests foods, absorbs them into the blood

Specific features:
- Salivary glands, liver and pancreas are not part of the digestive system but secrete digestive juices into it
- The digestive system involves four major processes:
1. Ingestion-taking food into the mouth, chewing and swallowing

2. Digestion-breakdown of food into smaller pieces (catalyzed by enzymes)
3. Absorption-transfer of digested food through the wall of the intestine and into the circulatory system
4. Elimination-removal of undigested and unabsorbed food from the body (in f***s)

URINARY SYSTEM Components: kidney, bladder and associated ducts Function: excretes metabolic wastes; removes substances present in excess from the blood

Specific features:
- Urine is made by the kidneys; it's transported from the kidneys to the bladder by the ureters; the bladder stores the urine then the urine leaves the bladder and exits the body via the urethra.
- 95% of urine is water. Also present is urea, which is produced in the liver (urea is the excretion form of nitrogen waste).

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Components: te**es, ovaries and associated structures
Function: reproduction, which provides for continuation of the species

Information from: Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Human Anatomy and Physiology, 12th Ed.

How A Doctor Cured Her Terminal Illness Using Food Alone Diagnosed with a terminal illness, Dr. Terry Wahls used the best drugs the medical world had to offer and ended up in a wheelchair. It wasn't until she started eating a modern day hunter gatherer diet that her condition started to improve. Find out what diet this doctor used and discover how you can...

Why Is Yawning Contagious?
Contagious yawning can be annoying, but it might also be a sign of good social skills. It’s a type of emotional contagion, a phenomenon in which we tend to share the feelings of people around us. Scientific American MIND editor Sandra Upson explains in our latest Instant Egghead video.

Video Here: http://bit.ly/1h8KKfn

Optical Illusions: Your Brain Is Way Ahead of You

Optical illusions may seem like nothing more than visual trickery. But they are actually a result of our brains trying to predict the future.

When light hits our retina, it takes about one-tenth of a second for our brain to translate that signal into perception. Evolutionary neurobiologist Mark Changizi says this neural delay makes our brains generate images of what it thinks the world will look like in one-tenth of a second. It's not always right.

“Your brain is slow, so you need to basically create perceptions that correct for that delay,” said Changizi, director of human cognition at 2AI Labs.

Creating an image of the very near future probably kept early humans alive because it kept them from bumping into dangerous objects or being attacked by a fast-moving predator.

Click through the following images and see how our ability to predict the future one-tenth of second in advance also messes with your mind. http://bit.ly/HyuG5T

Eid mubarak to all and kul 3am wal jamee3 ib khair wa sa7a and salama.

"When I went to school, my instructors suggested Epsom salt baths as a good thing to prescribe to our clients. No scientific basis for this idea was ever presented: it was just one of those things that everybody “knew,” a folk remedy justified by the generations of wise old wives and bathers. The physiology of it certainly wasn’t made clear to us. No evidence for the efficacy of Epsom salts was ever presented, nor did it seem necessary to talk about it. Occasionally someone made a vague reference to “detoxifying” the muscles, perhaps “by osmosis.

I have thoroughly studied the subject of post-exercise muscle soreness — which is probably the leading cause of hot baths — only to discover that it’s basically been proven that there are no known remedies for it. And after a long, hot Epsom salt bath of my own one night — which had no apparent effect on my unusually sore muscles — I decided it was time for a reality check." by Paul Ingraham of SaveYourself.ca

Please Read Full Article with research and citations here: http://bit.ly/1fvd0Tc

The international Egyptian Actor Omar Sharif said nothing compare being in Egypt